Satellite. Solar system Essay Example for Free

orbiter. Solar system EssayA satellite is defined as any object that orbits any other object. Satellites can be celestial, such as a moon orbiting a planet in the solar system, or a planet in the solar system orbiting the sun. Satellites can besides be man-made. Man-made satellites are typically ensnareed into outer(a) space from earth to hive away data, photos and other information about undercoat and all the many things that exist around it.An animation depicting the orbits of GPS satellites in medium earth orbit. A serious size model of the Earth observation satellite ERS 2In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been lay into orbit by homo endeavor. Such objects are sometimes called conventionalized satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon. The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Since then, thousands of satellites consume been launched into orbit around the Earth.T hese originate from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. A few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include legions and civilian Earth observation satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, prevail satellites, and research satellites. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites.Satellite orbits castrate greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and fixed orbit. Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control. HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL SATELLITESSputnik 1 The f irst artificial satelliteThe first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957, and initiating the Soviet Sputnik program, with Sergei Korolev as chief designer. This in turn triggered the Space bucket along between the Soviet Union and the United States. Sputnik 1 serviceed to identify the density of high atmospheric layers through measurement of its orbital change and provided data on receiving set-signal distribution in the ionosphere. The unanticipated announcement of Sputnik 1s success precipitated the Sputnik crisis in the United States and ignited the so-called Space Race within the Cold War. Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika.TYPES OF SATELLITECommunication satellitesCommunication satellites provide a worldwide linkup of radio, teleph ane, and television. The first communication satellite was Echo 1, launched in 1960. Relay 1 and telstar 1 were the first ac tive communications satellites. They were launched in 1962.Navigation satellitesNavigation satellites are mainly intended to help aircraft, ships and nuclear submarines. These satellites provide constant signals by which aircraft and ships can determine their positions with great accuracy.Weather satellitesWeather satellites carry cameras and other instruments pointed toward Earths atmosphere. They can provide advance archetype of severe weather and are a great aid to weather forecasting.Military satellites Many military satellites are similar to commercial ones, but they beam encrypted data that only a special receiver can decipher. Military surveillance satellites take pictures just as other earth-imaging satellites do, but cameras on military satellites usually have a higher resolution.Scientific satellitesEarth-orbiting satellites can provide data to map Earth, determine the size and shape of Earth, and study the dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere. Scientists also use satellites to observe the Sun, the Moon, other planets and their moons, comets, stars, and galaxies.HOW ARE SATELLITES LAUNCHEDThe trick when launching a satellite is to get it high enough to do its job without losing the capsule to outer space. Its a delicate balance of push and pull, accomplished by the inertia of the moving object and the Earths gravity.GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLEThe Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (usually known by its abbreviation, GSLV) is an expendable launch system operated by the Indian Space interrogation Organization (ISRO). It was developed to enable India to launch its INSAT-type satellites into geostationary orbit and to make India less dependent on foreign arugulas.GSLVGeosynchronous Satellite Launch VehicleFunctionMedium Lift Launch SystemManufacturerISRO unpolished of origin IndiaSizeHeight49 metres (161 ft)Diameter2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in)Mass402,000 kilograms (890,000 lb)Stages3Capacity commitment toLEO5,100 kilograms (11,000 lb)Payload toGTO2,000 to 2,500 kilograms (4,400 to 5,500 lb)Launch historyStatusActiveLaunch sitesSatish DhawanTotal launches6 (5 Mk.I, 1 Mk.II)Successes2 (Mk.I)Failures3 (2 Mk.I, 1 Mk.II) partial derivative failures1 (Mk.I)Maiden flightMk.I 18 April 2001Mk.II 15 April 2010Boosters (Stage 0)No boostersFourEngines1 L40H Vikas 2Thrust680 kilonewtons (150,000 lbf)Total thrust2,720 kilonewtons (610,000 lbf)Specific impulse262 south displace time160 present momentsFuelN2O4/UDMHFirst StageEngines1 S139Thrust4,700 kilonewtons (1,100,000 lbf)Specific impulse166 secBurn time100 secondsFuelHTPB (solid)Second StageEngines1 GS2 Vikas 4Thrust720 kilonewtons (160,000 lbf)Specific impulse295 s (2.89 kNs/kg)Burn time150 secondsFuelN2O4/UDMHThird Stage (GSLV Mk.I) 12KRBEngines1 KVD-1Thrust69 kilonewtons (16,000 lbf)Specific impulse460 s (4.5 kNs/kg)Burn time720 secondsFuelLOX/LH2Third Stage (GSLV Mk.II) CUS12Engines1 ICEThrust73.5 kilonewtons (16,500 lbf)Specific impulse460 s (4.5 kNs/kg)Burn ti me720 secondsFuelLOX/LH2LIQUID BOOSTERSOne of the strap-ons of GSLV-F04 being brought to the Vehicle Assembly edifice The GSLV uses four L40 liquid strap-on boosters derived from the L37.5 second phase, which are loaded with 40 tons of hypergolic propellants (UDMH N2O4). The propellants are stored in tandem in dickens independent tanks 2.1 m diameter. The engine is pump-fed and generates 680 kN (150,000 lbf) of thrust. First pointednessS139 stage is 2.8 m in diameter and is made of M250 grade maraging steel and it has a nominal propellant loading of 139 t. Second stageThe second stage is powered by the Vikas engine. It has 2.8 m diameter and uses 37.5 metric tons of liquid propellants with UDMH as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) as oxidizer, in two aluminium alloy compartments separated by a common bulk head. It delivers 720 kN (160,000 lbf) of thrust. Third stageGSLV Mk.II D3The third stage is propelled by a cryogenic rocket engine, 2.8 m in diameterand uses liquid hydroge n (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) in two separate tanks of aluminium alloy interconnected by an inter-stage. propellent loading is 12.5 t. The indigenous cryogenic engine was built in Tamil Nadu at the bland Propulsion Systems Centre.POLAR SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLEThe gelid Satellite Launch Vehicle commonly known by its abbreviation PSLV is an expendable launch system developed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous orbits. PSLV can also launch small size satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The PSLV has launched 41 satellites (19 Indian and 22 from other countries) into a variety of orbits till date. Polar Satellite Launch VehiclePSLV-C8 (CA Variant) carrying the AGILE roentgen ray and -ray astronomical satellite of the ASI lifting off from SriharikotaFunctionMedium Lift Launch SystemManufacturerISROCountry of origin IndiaSizeHeight44 met res (144 ft)Diameter2.8 metres (9 ft 2 in)Mass294,000 kilograms (650,000 lb)Stages4CapacityPayload toLEO3,250 kilograms (7,200 lb)Payload toHCO1,600 kilograms (3,500 lb)1Payload toGTO1,060 kilograms (2,300 lb)1Launch historyStatusActiveLaunch sitesSriharikotaTotal launches17PSLV 10PSLV-CA 6PSLV-XL 1Successes15PSLV 8PSLV-CA 6PSLV-XL 1Failures1 (PSLV)Partial failures1 (PSLV)Maiden flightPSLV 20 family 1993PSLV-CA 23 April 2007PSLV-XL 22 October 2008Notable payloadsChandrayaan-1Boosters (Stage 0) boosters6Engines1 solidThrust502.600 kNSpecific impulse262 secBurn time44 secondsFuelHTPB (solid)First stageEngines1 solidThrust4,860 kNSpecific impulse269 secBurn time105 secondsFuelHTPB (solid)Second stageEngines1 VikasThrust725 kNSpecific impulse293 secBurn time158 secondsFuelN2O4/UDMHThird stageEngines1 solidThrust328 kNSpecific impulse294 secBurn time83 secondsFuelSolidFourth stageEngines2 liquidThrust14 kNSpecific impulse308 secBurn time425 secondsFuelMMH/UDMHPSLV is designed and develop ed at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram and Kerala. The inertial systems are developed by ISRO inertial Systems Unit (IISU) at Thiruvananthapuram. The liquid propulsion stages for the second and fourth stages of PSLV as well as the reaction control systems are developed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), also at Thiruvananthapuram. The solid propellant motors are processed by Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, which also carries out launch operations. afterward some delays, the PSLV had its first launch on 20 September 1993. Although all main engines performed as expected, an altitude control problem was reported in the second and third stages. After this initial setback, ISRO met complete success with the third developmental launch in 1996. Further successful launches followed in 1997, 1999, and 2001. PSLV continues to be the work cater of Indian satellite launches, especially for LEO satellites and the Chandrayaan Projects. It has undergone severa l improvements with each subsequent version, especially those involving thrust, efficiency as well as weight.ORBITAn orbit is a regular, repeating path that an object in space takes around another one. An object in an orbit is called a satellite. A satellite can be natural, like the moon, or human -made. In our solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun, as do the other eight planets. They all travel on or cuddle the orbital plane, an imaginary disk-shaped surface in space. All of the orbits are circular or elliptical in their shape. In addition to the planets orbits.HOW A SATELLITE duty tour IN THE ORBITThe forward motion of the satellite is its momentum. If the gravity of the earth is not acting on the satellite, the satellite would continue inone direction. The tripping of the satellite gives it its forward motion. When these two forces are equal, the satellite remains in orbit, without falling into or flying away from the Earth. A satellites forward motion is controlled by roc kets. When the rockets are not fired, inertia keeps the satellite going in one direction.HOW SATELLITES WORKReceiving uplinked radio signals from earth satellite transmission stations (antennas). Amplifying received radio signalsSorting the input signals and directing the output signals through input/output signal multiplexers to the proper downlink antennas for retransmission to earth satellite receiving stations (antennas).MERITSIn communication.For military purposes.For weather broadcasting.In terrestrial application.Satellite Services.Satellite internet accessSatellite phoneSatellite radioSatellite televisionSatellite navigationDE-MERITSsprightliness of a satellite is limited.Once damaged it is difficult to repair.Economically costly.A small damage in any part can destroy the livelong satellite.CONCLUSIONNow a days satellite is a basic communication media.Any information can be transmitting from one point to another with the help of satellite. All people are using satellites di rectly or indirectly.Without satellites the days cannot be imagined.